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This week we'll look at words that have two very different meanings, and I hope the comparison and contrast will make you smile. Let's start with a word that also fits last week's theme of vibrant verbs. confabulate – [akin to fable] 1. to converse casually together; to chat 2. Psychology: to fill in gaps in one's memory with fabrications that one believes to be facts
– Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre It is not that they lie in the experimental situation, but that they confabulate; they fill in the gaps, guess, speculate, mistake theorizing for observing. – Daniel C. Dennett, Consciousness Explained Thus the coping strategies of the two hemispheres are fundamentally different. The left hemisphere's job is to create a belief system or model and to fold new experiences into that belief system. If confronted with some new information that doesn't fit the model, it relies on Freudian defense mechanisms to deny, repress or confabulate – anything to preserve the status quo. – Oliver Sacks, et al., Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind dowager – a widow of high social rank who has a title and property because of her marriage | ||
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The first meaning is from the 17th century, from the noun confabulation from the late 15th. My Oxford Etymological dictionary doesn't have the second meaning. I wonder how it arose. | |||
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talus¹ (plural taluses) – a sloping mass of loose rock at the foot of a cliff (also, a like slope of an earthwork or tapering wall)
– Douglas Preston, Lincoln Child, The Cabinet of Curiosities
– Chicago Sun-Times, Jan. 30, 2005 | |||
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Confusing. I think that talus (astragalus) the ankle bone which does slope down on its dorsal aspect is directly derived from talus, the slope of a stone or cliff. Thus two meanings, but possibly one common root. The OED gives its etymology as : [a. F. talus (16th c.), in Dict. Acad. 1696 talut, OF. (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.) talu slope:late pop. L. *tlt-um, deriv. of tlus ankle (taken in sense of F. talon heel): cf. next.] 1. A slope; spec. in Fortification, the sloping side of a wall or earthwork, which gradually increases in thickness from above downwards. | |||
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1. Confabulate, to converse or chat surely just illustrates that (without reference to gender ) people often exaggerate or make up stories (fables) in order to enliven their chatter. 2. Confabulation is characteristic of organic syndromes with memory impairment called the dysmnesic syndromes. The classic example is so-called Korsakoff's psychosis seen after alcoholism, injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage of the brain. Afflicted patients make up stories or information (fables) because they are aware of the gaps in their memory: hence confabulate. | |||
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Not sure that talus1 is in fact independent from talus2. talus (1) "anklebone," 1693, from L. talus "ankle, anklebone, knucklebone" (pl. tali), related to L. taxillus "a small die, cube" (they originally were made from the knucklebones of animals). talus(2) "slope," 1645, from Fr. talus (16c.), from O.Fr. talu "slope" (12c.), probably from Gallo-Romance *talutum, from L. talutium "a slope or outcrop of rock debris," possibly of Celtic origin (cf. Breton tal "forehead, brow"). OED, however, suggests derivation from root of talus (1) in the sense of "heel" which developed in its Romanic descendants. Mainly used of military earthwork at first; meaning "sloping mass of rocky fragments that has fallen from a cliff" is first recorded 1830. RJA | |||
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I'm not sure we should take etymology as a guide as to whether talus1 and talus2 are separate words. I think the fact that they have different plural forms tells us that they are two different words. | |||
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Hey! I object to my neighbour (a few years ago admittedly) having his name taken in vain. His name was Thomas Tallis! He's buried under St Alfege's, a church near me. http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/stalfege.htm Build a man a fire and he's warm for a day. Set a man on fire and he's warm for the rest of his life. | |||
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And my wife used to sing under RVW... Richard English | |||
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As opposed, I presume, to someone singing under an RV... "No man but a blockhead ever wrote except for money." Samuel Johnson. | |||
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vamp – 1. the upper front part of a shoe or boot 2. [abbreviation of vampire] a woman who uses sexual attraction to exploit men (verb: to so use)
– Jeffrey Eugenides, Middlesex: A Novel Playing Lola calls for a woman alluring enough to seduce a man into selling his soul to the devil. Gillentine succeeded … in creating a vamp who prowls across the stage … – Kate Mattingly, Dance Magazine, June, 2006 … first I must have a new dress. I can't vamp this man with these dirty rags I am in. – Henry Miller, Tropic of Cancer | |||
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<Asa Lovejoy> |
Uhhh, arnie, that was supposed to be a pun. Did I hit on something sacrosanct, or wonder of wonders - did you REALLY think I didn't know any better!?!? Barbarian American I am, but I own the above mentioned recording! Thanks for the Tallis link! Neat! BTW, it uses the expression, "...hold him TO ransom." Over here we'd say "for" rather than "to." Another difference! | ||
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In jazz vamp refers to a short repeating sequence of chords. | |||
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I realise that. It just seemed a good chance to get Thomas Tallis's name mentioned. He's not appreciated nowadays, and, as I said, he was a neighbour of mine. Build a man a fire and he's warm for a day. Set a man on fire and he's warm for the rest of his life. | |||
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<Asa Lovejoy> |
So if the stones used to cover his tomb had originally been rubble, they could be Thomas's talus. | ||
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slough – 1. a swamp or mire 2. a situation of lack of progress or activity [rhymes with 'bough' or, in the US, with 'glue']
– John Adams, quoted in his biography by David McCullough … the sloughs of abjection and misery … – Gabriel Garcia Marquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude
– Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man | |||
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slough – 1. a swamp or mire 2. a situation of lack of progress or activity [rhymes with 'bough' or, in the US, with 'glue'][list]Our electioneering racers have started for the pr | |||
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Slough is the name of a rather boring town west of London. It was made infamous by John Betjeman in 1937 with a famous poem that made the place seem even worse that it is. See it here http://www-cdr.stanford.edu/intuition/Slough.html Slough was also the setting the the hit TV series "The Office" - now being aired in the USA - but with a US cast and location. Richard English | |||
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tump (noun) – a hillock; or a clump of trees, shrubs, or grass, esp. in a dry spot in a bog
– E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel
– Kinky Friedman, Spanking Watson | |||
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And a dead neighbor (16th century!) at that. I'm sure the two of you were very close! Tallis, not to be confused with the prayer shawl tallis. Wordmatic | |||
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<Asa Lovejoy> |
Yet Tallis' compositions were almost all liturgical, so maybe his name and the prayer shawl had a connexion. | ||
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We have already seen one definition of today's word. mead – a meadow mead – an alcoholic drink of fermented honey and water
– Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed | |||
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isinglass – 1. a gelatin obtained from fish; previously used to clarify wine
– Raymond Buckland, Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft
– John Steinbeck, East of Eden I went out and saw the thin pools of water standing on the black ground, like sheets of isinglass. – Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men | |||
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I thought it was one of the towers in Lord of the Rings. "No man but a blockhead ever wrote except for money." Samuel Johnson. | |||
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If Mr. Diamond is refering to historical matters here, I doubt that salt would have been either small-volume or a luxury item. I expect that it would have been an essential, everyday commodity used in substantial quantities for curing salt codfish. | |||
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I think one of the arguments of the book was that the Greenland settlements behaved as though they were in northern Europe and farmed and raised animals accordingly; they didn't fish. From the New Yorker review:
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