Not a US term either. Per research, comedian Jeff Foxworthy uses the phrase. ("You know you're a redneck if ..."). And you'll find it in sites about thyroid problems.
The phrase gets only 18,500 ghits, over 95% in one of those two contexts. If you seach for "check your neck" -foxworthy -thyroid you're down to 776 ghits. And these are things like "check your neck to feel if it is tight or sore"; on a quick scan of them I don't see a single one using the phrase as a term in context.
shu: By coincidence I also did minus Foxworthy and thyroid, and without performing a tedious search I agree it looks like the expr hasn't caught on yet
shu: Yes, but sometimes UD is a good source. Oftentimes they're first to pick up on a neologism for a quick check. Furthermore, several entries with a similar def, esp if they have a predominance of thumbs up, is a pretty reliable indicator