Other than the French department of Languedoc, are there any other political or geographic locations that are named for a language?

Good question, Asa!

I did post about Alinea , a restaurant in Chicago.

Off the top of me head, I thought of the Gaeltacht (link) in Ireland and the Gàidhealtachd (link) in Scotland.

Swaziland? Hard to tell whether it's named after the language, or the ethnic group.

I imagine there are other similar cases in Africa.

Also Sotho yields Basotho (the people), Sesotho (the language), and Lesotho (the country, formerly Basutoland).